Transform manual hard-coded inputs into testable functions Transform manual hard-coded inputs into testable functions TL;DR: Extract input logic into separate functions to make your code testable, with regressions and more maintainable. TL;DR: Extract input logic into separate functions to make your code testable, with regressions and more maintainable. Problems Addressed 😔 Hard-coded inputs
Testing difficulty
Poor reusability
Hidden dependencies
Rigid and coupling implementation
Untestable code
Unnecessary input validation
Hardcoded values
Console side effects
Poor regression Hard-coded inputs Hard-coded Testing difficulty Poor reusability Hidden dependencies Rigid and coupling implementation coupling Untestable code Unnecessary input validation Hardcoded values Console side effects Console side effects Poor regression Related Code Smells 💨 https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxxviii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xxxviii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xlvii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-xlvii https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-i-xqz3evd https://hackernoon.com/how-to-find-the-stinky-parts-of-your-code-part-i-xqz3evd Steps 👣 Identify code that uses direct input() statements
Create a new function with a meaningful name
Move input logic into the function with parameter options
Add external validation and error handling
Create unit tests for the new function Identify code that uses direct input() statements input() Create a new function with a meaningful name meaningful name Move input logic into the function with parameter options Add external validation and error handling Create unit tests for the new function (If you follow Test-Driven Development, the step 5 becomes step 0) Test-Driven Development Sample Code 💻 Before  🚨 n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: "))
# You need to make accidental castings 
# And deal with obscure data types valitaciones
# which are a distraction for new programming students
if n <= 0:
    print("Please enter a positive integer.")
else: 
    print(f"Prime factors of {n}:")
    i = 2
    while i * i <= n:
        if n % i:
            i += 1
        else:
            n //= i
            print(i)
            # You use global resources like the console
            # And your code gets coupled from day one
    if n > 1:
        print(n)
# This example mixes data input and validation
# With algorithmic reasoning
# Violating the "separation of concerns" principle n = int(input("Enter a positive integer: "))
# You need to make accidental castings 
# And deal with obscure data types valitaciones
# which are a distraction for new programming students
if n <= 0:
    print("Please enter a positive integer.")
else: 
    print(f"Prime factors of {n}:")
    i = 2
    while i * i <= n:
        if n % i:
            i += 1
        else:
            n //= i
            print(i)
            # You use global resources like the console
            # And your code gets coupled from day one
    if n > 1:
        print(n)
# This example mixes data input and validation
# With algorithmic reasoning
# Violating the "separation of concerns" principle After 👉 def prime_factors(n):
    i = 2
    factors = []
    while i * i <= n:
        if n % i:
            i += 1
        else:
            n //= i
            factors.append(i)
    if n > 1:
        factors.append(n)
    return factors

# Step 1: Identify code that uses direct input() statements
# Step 2: Create a new function with a meaningful name
def prompt_positive_integer(prompt="Enter a positive integer: "):
    # Step 3: Move input logic into the function with parameter options
    try:
        value = int(input(prompt))
        # Step 4: Add validation and error handling
        if value <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Number must be positive")
        return value
    except ValueError as e:
        if str(e) == "Number must be positive":
            raise
        raise ValueError("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")

def calculate_and_display_factors(number=None):
    try:
        if number is None:
            number = prompt_positive_integer()
        factors = prime_factors(number)
        print(f"Prime factors of {number}:")
        for factor in factors:
            print(factor)
        return factors
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Error: {e}")
        return None

# Step 5: Create unit tests for the new function
import unittest
from unittest.mock import patch

class TestPrimeFactors(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_prime_factors_of_12(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(12), [2, 2, 3])
        
    def test_prime_factors_of_13(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(13), [13])
        
    def test_prime_factors_of_20(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(20), [2, 2, 5])
        
    def test_prime_factors_of_1(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(1), [])

class TestInputFunction(unittest.TestCase):
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='15')
    def test_get_positive_integer_valid(self, mock_input):
        self.assertEqual(get_positive_integer(), 15)
        
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='0')
    def test_get_positive_integer_zero(self, mock_input):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            get_positive_integer()
            
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='-5')
    def test_get_positive_integer_negative(self, mock_input):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            get_positive_integer()
            
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='abc')
    def test_get_positive_integer_not_number(self, mock_input):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            get_positive_integer()
            
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='42')
    def test_calculate_with_input(self, mock_input):
        with patch('builtins.print') as mock_print:
            result = calculate_and_display_factors()
            self.assertEqual(result, [2, 3, 7])
            
    def test_calculate_with_argument(self):
        with patch('builtins.print') as mock_print:
            result = calculate_and_display_factors(30)
            self.assertEqual(result, [2, 3, 5]) def prime_factors(n):
    i = 2
    factors = []
    while i * i <= n:
        if n % i:
            i += 1
        else:
            n //= i
            factors.append(i)
    if n > 1:
        factors.append(n)
    return factors

# Step 1: Identify code that uses direct input() statements
# Step 2: Create a new function with a meaningful name
def prompt_positive_integer(prompt="Enter a positive integer: "):
    # Step 3: Move input logic into the function with parameter options
    try:
        value = int(input(prompt))
        # Step 4: Add validation and error handling
        if value <= 0:
            raise ValueError("Number must be positive")
        return value
    except ValueError as e:
        if str(e) == "Number must be positive":
            raise
        raise ValueError("Invalid input. Please enter a number.")

def calculate_and_display_factors(number=None):
    try:
        if number is None:
            number = prompt_positive_integer()
        factors = prime_factors(number)
        print(f"Prime factors of {number}:")
        for factor in factors:
            print(factor)
        return factors
    except ValueError as e:
        print(f"Error: {e}")
        return None

# Step 5: Create unit tests for the new function
import unittest
from unittest.mock import patch

class TestPrimeFactors(unittest.TestCase):
    def test_prime_factors_of_12(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(12), [2, 2, 3])
        
    def test_prime_factors_of_13(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(13), [13])
        
    def test_prime_factors_of_20(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(20), [2, 2, 5])
        
    def test_prime_factors_of_1(self):
        self.assertEqual(prime_factors(1), [])

class TestInputFunction(unittest.TestCase):
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='15')
    def test_get_positive_integer_valid(self, mock_input):
        self.assertEqual(get_positive_integer(), 15)
        
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='0')
    def test_get_positive_integer_zero(self, mock_input):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            get_positive_integer()
            
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='-5')
    def test_get_positive_integer_negative(self, mock_input):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            get_positive_integer()
            
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='abc')
    def test_get_positive_integer_not_number(self, mock_input):
        with self.assertRaises(ValueError):
            get_positive_integer()
            
    @patch('builtins.input', return_value='42')
    def test_calculate_with_input(self, mock_input):
        with patch('builtins.print') as mock_print:
            result = calculate_and_display_factors()
            self.assertEqual(result, [2, 3, 7])
            
    def test_calculate_with_argument(self):
        with patch('builtins.print') as mock_print:
            result = calculate_and_display_factors(30)
            self.assertEqual(result, [2, 3, 5]) Type 📝 Semi-Automatic Semi-Automatic Safety 🛡️ This refactoring is safe but requires careful testing. Moving from direct input to function calls maintains the same behavior while improving structure. Adding validation makes the code safer by preventing invalid inputs. Each step can be tested independently, reducing the risk of introducing bugs and ensuring you have regression on previously tested inputs. Why is the Code Better? ✨ You can test it without manual input by passing arguments directly to ensure regression of previous cases. You can reuse the reified functions across your codebase. You get clear error messages with proper exception handling. You separate UI logic (getting input) from business logic (running the algorithm). You make the code more maintainable by following the single responsibility principle. How Does it Improve the Bijection? 🗺️ This refactoring creates a stronger bijection between the real world and your code by creating distinct functions that map to real-world actions (getting input vs. processing data) real world You also add validation that enforces real-world constraints (for example, positive integers only) In the bijection, it is essential to separate concerns that match actual domain boundaries. bijection The closer your code matches real-world concepts and constraints, the fewer bugs and surprises you'll encounter. Dealing with input validation and modeling algorithms following real-world business rules are very different issues, and you should not mix them. Refactor with AI 🤖 AI can help identify input calls throughout larger codebases and suggest appropriate function signatures and validation rules. Suggested Prompt: 1. Identify code that uses direct input() statements 2. Create a new function with a meaningful name 3. Move input logic into the function with parameter options 4. Add external validation and error handling 5. Create unit tests for the new function Suggested Prompt: 1. Identify code that uses direct input() statements 2. Create a new function with a meaningful name 3. Move input logic into the function with parameter options 4. Add external validation and error handling 5. Create unit tests for the new function input() Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



Gemini

Gemini



DeepSeek

DeepSeek



Meta AI

Meta AI



Qwen

Qwen Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions



ChatGPT

ChatGPT



Claude

Claude



Perplexity

Perplexity



Copilot

Copilot



Gemini

Gemini



DeepSeek

DeepSeek



Meta AI

Meta AI



Qwen

Qwen Without Proper Instructions

With Specific Instructions Without Proper Instructions Without Proper Instructions With Specific Instructions With Specific Instructions ChatGPT

ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT ChatGPT Claude

Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Claude Perplexity

Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Perplexity Copilot

Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Copilot Gemini

Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini Gemini DeepSeek

DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek DeepSeek Meta AI

Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Meta AI Qwen

Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Qwen Tags 🏷️ Coupling Coupling Level 🔋 Beginner Beginner Related Refactorings 🔄 https://hackernoon.com/improving-the-code-one-line-at-a-time?embedable=true https://hackernoon.com/improving-the-code-one-line-at-a-time?embedable=true Credits 🙏 Image by Spektrum78 on Pixabay Spektrum78 Pixabay This article is part of the Refactoring Series. https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true https://maximilianocontieri.com/how-to-improve-your-code-with-easy-refactorings?embedable=true

The code in this story is for educational purposes. The readers are solely responsible for whatever they build with it.

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